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   "source": [
    "# Python Language Intro"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Agenda\n",
    "\n",
    "1. Language overview\n",
    "2. Built-in types, operators, and constructs\n",
    "3. Functions, Classes, and Modules"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "source": [
    "## Language overview\n",
    "\n",
    "Note: this is *not* a language course! Though I'll cover the important bits of the language (and standard library) that are relevant to class material, I expect you to master the language on your own time.\n",
    "\n",
    "Python ...\n",
    "\n",
    "- is *interpreted*\n",
    "- is *dynamically-typed*\n",
    "- is *automatically memory-managed*\n",
    "- supports *procedural*, *object-oriented*, *imperative* and *functional* programming paradigms\n",
    "- is designed (mostly) by one man: Guido van Rossum (aka “benevolent dictator”), and therefore has a fairly *opinionated* design\n",
    "- has a single reference implementation (CPython)\n",
    "- version 3 (the most recent version) is *not backwards-compatible* with version 2, though the latter is still widely used\n",
    "- has an interesting programming philosophy: \"There should be one — and preferably only one — obvious way to do it.\" (a.k.a. the \"Pythonic\" way) — see [The Zen of Python](https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0020/)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Built in types, operators, and constructs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Numbers"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# integers\n",
    "a = 2\n",
    "b = 5\n",
    "c = a + b\n",
    "d = a * (b + 2)\n",
    "e = b // a # integer div\n",
    "f = b % a  # modulus, remainder\n",
    "g = a ** b # exponentiation (power)\n",
    "\n",
    "print(c, d, e, f, g)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# floating point\n",
    "print(b / a)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Strings"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# strings (`str`)\n",
    "name = 'John' + ' ' + 'Doe'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Strings are an example of a *sequence* type; https://docs.python.org/3.5/library/stdtypes.html#typesseq\n",
    "\n",
    "Other sequence types are: *ranges*, *tuples* (both also immutable), and *lists* (mutable).\n",
    "\n",
    "All immutable sequences support the [common sequence operations](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#common-sequence-operations), and mutable sequences additionally support the [mutable sequence operations](https://docs.python.org/3/library/stdtypes.html#mutable-sequence-types)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Ranges & Tuples"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# ranges\n",
    "r1 = range(10)\n",
    "r2 = range(10, 20)\n",
    "r3 = range(100, 0, -10)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "tup = ('lions', 'tigers', 'bears', (0, 1, 2), True, False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### The almighty list!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l = list(range(10))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### List comprehensions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "l = []\n",
    "for e in range(0, 10):\n",
    "    if 2**e > 100 or 2**e < 50:\n",
    "        l.append(2**e)\n",
    "l"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "[(e, 2**e) for e in range(0, 10)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "[(i, j) for i in range(5) for j in range(5, 10)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from random import random\n",
    "[random() for _ in range(10)]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "[random()] * 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Dictionaries"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "d = dict()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Functions, Classes, and Modules"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Functions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "def foo():\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Classes"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "class Foo:\n",
    "    pass"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Modules"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": true
   },
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "dir()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import random\n",
    "dir(random)"
   ]
  }
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